Infertility

Bio3 Research s.r.l., an Italian company founded in 2001, has headquarters in Milan and an office at the Bioindustry Park of Canavese (Turin).

Bio3 Research works with research institutions, individual scientists and early-stage companies to identify, protect and exploit commercially promising intellectual property in the life sciences.

Such assistance may include pre-clinical development and negotiation of strategic industrial partnerships.

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The human reproductive system is regulated like a thermostat, with a number of hormones and factors produced along the "reproductive axis" acting via feedback loops to keep the body's hormones within the optimal range for fertility and successful mating.

The head of the axis is the brain's GnRH-producing hypothalamus, which communicates via a blood portal with the anterior pituitary and stimulates production of the hormones gonadotropin, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone.

These hormones are dumped into the bloodstream and make their way to the gonads, where in males they stimulate production of testosterone and the maturation of sperm.

In females, the hormones stimulate production of estradiol, a sex steroid hormone and the body's main form of estrogen, and regulate ovulation, the production of fertile eggs.

Estradiol and testosterone, in turn, feed back on the pituitary to shut down production of pituitary hormones, establishing feedback that keeps the body's sex hormones on an even keel.

Estradiol also works higher in the brain, on the hypothalamus, to ramp down production of GnRH, but how this works has been a relative mystery.

The new study provides an answer: Estradiol stimulates cells in the dorsomedial ...

So, does that make them twins or siblings?

Specialist Dr Aniruddha Malpani calls them “twins who were born four years apart”, as the genetic material is identical.

Experts say a frozen embryo stays intact for almost 15 years.

“Even if there is some wear and tear, research shows that if stored right, they can withstand the march of time,” says Pai.

Another breakthrough in freezing reproductive tissues is expected soon: egg freezing, currently limited to a few countries, is being improved.

But “it’s new and will need a learning curve of a year”, says Dr Firuza Parikh, consultant at Jaslok Hospital.

Experts say it will be a boon to women who wish to postpone pregnancy.

“Women will be able to store their eggs in their twenties and have a pregnancy in their forties when they are ready for it,” says Malpani.

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